| Variables of interest | Presence of DR n = 71 n (%) | Absence of DR n = 128 n (%) | P-value |
| Gender | 0.562 | ||
| Men | 30 (42.3) | 60 (46.5) | |
| Women | 41 (57.7) | 69 (53.3) | |
| Abdominal obesity | 36 (50.7) | 56 (43.4) | 0.322 |
| Smoking | 26 (36.6) | 10 (7.8) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake | 15 (21.1) | 33 (25.6) | 0.480 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 51 (71.8) | 67 (51.9) | 0.006 |
| Pulse pressure ≥ 60 mmHg | 11 (15.5) | 22 (17.2) | 0.758 |
| Migration | 29 (40.8) | 38 (29.5) | 0.071 |
| Insulin treatment | 39 (54.9) | 49 (38) | 0.021 |
| Late onset of T2DM | 28 (39.4) | 48 (37.2) | 0.756 |
| Low intake of Fumbwa | 22 (31.0) | 23 (17.8) | 0.033 |
| Low intake of beans | 29 (40.8) | 36 (27.9) | 0.044 |
| Low education level | 55 (77.5) | 73 (56.6) | 0.003 |
| Low SES | 51 (71.8) | 74 (57.4) | 0.043 |
| Overweight/obesity | 43 (60.6) | 84 (65.1) | 0.522 |
| DM duration ≥ 7 years | 29 (38.2) | 47 (61.8) | 0.539 |
| HbA1c ≥ 7% (no control) | 47 (66.2) | 54 (41.9) | <0.001 |
| FPG ≥ 126 mg/dL (no control) | 53 (74.6) | 72 (55.8) | 0.008 |